New Warless Technology
NEW WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
1. 4G NETWORK
The first release of the long term evolution (LTE) standard was commercially deployed in 2009 in Oslo Norway and Stockholm Sweden and has since spread to however it is debase versions should be considered 4G LTE. The 4G wireless cellular standard is defined by the international telecommunication union and defines the key features of the standard including transmission technology and data speed. Each generation of wireless cellular technology has introduced greater bandwidth speeds and network capacity 4G users will get speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s while 3G promised a maximum speed of only 14 Mbit/s. 5G mm Wave applications warred
What is the difference between 4G and 4G LTE
The difference between 4G and 4G LTE is the history of marketing and the 4G specification
LTE was originally developed to facilitate the transition from 3G to 4G for carriers 4G was first
defined by ITU in 2008 but its speed =and technical specifications were not readily available for
mobile networks or mobile devices As an interim step form 3G LTE 4G offers more bandwidth
than the promised full bandwidth network speeds of at least 100 Mbps. The term LTE is often used as part of a marketing pitch that does not specify a specific speed depending on the carrier speeds range form 20Mbps to 100 Mbps 4G LTE-A however is a specialized application defined as 100 Mbps activation of course it is 4G so there is no technical difference.
2. 5G NETWORK 5G
is the 5th generation mobile network it is the new global wireless standard after 1G,2G,3G
and 4G networks 5G enables a new type of network designed to connect everyone and
everything together including machines objects and devices including machines objects and
devices.
5G wireless technology is intended to provide greater multi Gbps maximum data speed
lower latency greater reliability greater network capacity increased accessibility and a more
uniform user experience and connect new industries.
Where to use 5G-broadly speaking 5G is used across three major types of connected services including enhanced mobile broadband mission critical communications and massive lot the defining ability of 5G is that it is designed for future compatibility the ability to flexibly support
future services unknown today. Enhanced mobile broadband in addition to making our smartphones better 5G mobile technology can deliver new immersive experiences like VR and AR with faster more uniform data rates less latency and less cost per bit. Mission critical communication 5G can enable new services that can transform industries with highly reliable accessible low delay connectivity such as remote control of critical infrastructure automotive and medical procedures. Massive lot 5G is meant to seamlessly connect a large number of embedded sensors to everything through data rate power and mobility scaling capability providing extremely thin and low cost connectivity solutions.
How fast is 5G
5G is designed to deliver maximum data rates up to 20 Gbps based on IMT 2020 requirements
Qualcomm snapdragon X65 one of Qualcomm Technologies flagship 5G solutions is designed
to deliver downlink peak data rates up to 10 Gbps. But 5G is more than just how fast it is in
addition to the high maximum data rates 5G is designed to provide greater network capacity by
expanding to a new spectrum such as mm Wave. 5G can provide a very short delay for a faster
response and provide an overall more uniform user experience where data rates are consistently
high even as usere move around. The new 5G NR mobile network is backed up by a Gigabit
LTE coverage base which can provide a complete Gigabit class connection.
3. Wi-fi 6
is starting to arrive this year and it has a good chance of being in your next phone or laptop Here’s what you should expect when it arrives’ Wi FI 6 is the next generation of Wi FI will still do the same basic thing connect you to the internet with a set of additional technologies to make it more efficient speeding up the process connection.
How fast is it - both of those speed are theoretical peaks that you can never reach wean using real world Wi fi although you can reach those speeds it is not clear that you need them the average download speed in the us is 72 Mbps or less than the theoretical maximum speed of 1 percent. But it is still important to note that the wi fi 6 has a much higher theoretical speed limit than its predecessor you do not need to go to that 9.6 Gbps computer it can be split across a complete network of devices that means ore potential speeds for each device.
4. Wi Fi 7 status
Will be faster partly due to the eider channel width but a major improvement over Wi fi 7 is that it makes efficient use of what Wi fi versions already provide. Wi fi 7 will significantly increase the Wi fi bandwidth How much According to IEEE Wi fi 7 has a maximum bandwidth of 46Gbit/s 4.8 times faster than wi fi 6 and slightly faster than 40Gbirs /s provided by a thunderbolt3/4 connection. For congestion and wireless efficiency your router is able to communicate effectively with dozens of wireless devices WIFI 6E is woven at a dedicated 6GHz frequency adding extra channels for high bandwidth devices such as net routers to communicate with each other if you think of wireless communication as a highway lane WIFI 6E effectively adds a dedicated HOV or passenger lane allowing high priority busses and ambulances a channel without their own traffic in the real world lumbering elephants are exposed by the aggression of speeding midgets until now WIFI was not available A Wi fi 6 router can communicate data on both 2.4 GHz 5 GHz and 6GHz channels simultaneously but they are all independent of each other. The most important development of WIFI is the conversion of the router into a multi-link device several physical radios can communicate on separate frequencies but WIFI 7 connects them all under one MAC interface so a single device can be viewed on an Xbox or smart speaker A WIFI 7 router can assign data packets to the least congested frequency channel regardless of the frequency it uses.
5. Wi Fi sensing
Wi fi sensing (also known as WLAN sensing) uses existing wi fi signals to detect events or changes such as recognition and biometric measurements wi fi sensor is a combination of WIFI and RADAR sensor technology that works together to enable the use of the same WIFI transmitting hardware and RF spectrum for both communication and sensing WIFI sensor applications are expanding WIFI can operate in multiple frequency bands each providing unique usage opportunities depending on the physic electromagnetic propagation properties approved power levels and bandwidth there are three main terms identification acceptance and estimation. Integrating communication and sensing in mobile networking technology is a large area of exploration sometimes referred to as integrated communication and radar radio sensing combining the two technologies can take advantage of existing hardware and infrastructure enable new services and provide greater interaction with networked devices
History- the basic building blocks required for WIFI sensing were included in the first OFDM WIFI standard entitled 802.11 a published in 1999 Although not originally intended for sensing the802.11 a PHY layer defined the waveform components to be added to the transmission preamble the subscriber can then evaluate the channel to perform comparisons and other DSP techniques to enhance the remaining data acceptance functionality these waveform components are called long training symbols September 29,2020 the IEEE standards association approves the IEEE 802.11bf project for WLAN sensitization its purpose was to establish standards for the interaction of wireless devices and to enable a wide range of WIFI sensor applications.
6. Li Fi
Li fi (also known as Li Fi) is a wireless communication technology that used light to transmit and locate data between devices. Technically Li fi is a light communication system that can transmit data at high speeds across the visible light ultraviolet and infrared spectra in its current state only LED lamps can be used for optical light transmission. In its final use the technology is similar to WIFI the main technological difference is that it uses WIFI radio frequency to generate voltage at an antenna to transmit data while Li Fi uses light intensity modulation to transmit data Li Fi can operate in areas prone to electromagnetic interference. Li Fi is a derivative of optical wireless communication technology which uses light from emitting diodes as a medium to provide network mobile and high speed communication in a manner similar to Wi Fi. Li Fi market 2013 has a compound annual growth rate of 28% to 2018 and is projected to exceed $6 billion a year by 2018 however the market has not developed that much and Li Fi is primarily with a unique market for technical evaluation. Optical light communication deactivates the current to the LED and at a very high speed so fast that it does not show any illumination although Li Fi LEDs must be enabled to transmit data they can emit enough light to carry data and can be dimmed below human visibility this is a major barrier to technology when based on the optical spectrum as it is limited to the lighting purpose and is not very well adapted to the mobile communication purpose. Technologies that allow reaming between different Li Fi cells also known as handouts allow uninterrupted migration between Li Fi Light waves have a much shorter range than WIFI and are less likely to penetrate walls with less intrusion a direct line of sight is not required to transmit a Li Fi signal the light reflected free the walls can reach 70 Mbit /s.
A low-power broadband network is like a battery-powered sensor. Wireless telecommunications,
such as battery-powered sensors, distinguish a wide area network area from a wireless WAN
designed to connect users or businesses to this type of network and carry more data using a
lower power, lower bit rate, and desired usage. . LPWAN data rates range from 0.3 kbit / s to 50
kbit / s per channel.
LPWAN can be used to create a personal wireless sensor network, but it can also be a service or infrastructure offered by a third party, allowing sensor owners to deploy them without having to invest in portal technology
Low Power Broadband Network (LPWAN) technology provides low cost, low power and wide band coverage for large, particle wireless sensor networks. Small amounts of data are redirected from time to time to transmitted IoT telemetry applications, redefining the way LPWAN remotely monitors and manages assets and processes.
Long Range: The operating range of LPWAN technology varies from a few kilometers in urban areas to more than 15 kilometers in rural settings. It can also enable effective data communication in indoor and underground locations that could not be done before.
Low power: Optimal for power consumption, LPWAN transmitters can operate for 10-15 years on smaller, cheaper batteries; Reduce maintenance costs. Low cost: LPWAN's simplified, lightweight protocol reduces the complexity of hardware design and device costs. Its long range, combined with star topography, reduces the need for expensive infrastructure, and the use of unlicensed or already licensed bands reduces network costs.
LPWAN can be used to create a personal wireless sensor network, but it can also be a service or infrastructure offered by a third party, allowing sensor owners to deploy them without having to invest in portal technology
Low Power Broadband Network (LPWAN) technology provides low cost, low power and wide band coverage for large, particle wireless sensor networks. Small amounts of data are redirected from time to time to transmitted IoT telemetry applications, redefining the way LPWAN remotely monitors and manages assets and processes.
Long Range: The operating range of LPWAN technology varies from a few kilometers in urban areas to more than 15 kilometers in rural settings. It can also enable effective data communication in indoor and underground locations that could not be done before.
Low power: Optimal for power consumption, LPWAN transmitters can operate for 10-15 years on smaller, cheaper batteries; Reduce maintenance costs. Low cost: LPWAN's simplified, lightweight protocol reduces the complexity of hardware design and device costs. Its long range, combined with star topography, reduces the need for expensive infrastructure, and the use of unlicensed or already licensed bands reduces network costs.
LPWAN Types - LPWAN is not a single technology, but a collection of low-powered, widearea network technologies in a variety of shapes and formats. LPWANs can use licensed or
unlicensed frequencies and include proprietary or open standard options.
Owned, unlicensed Sigfox is one of the most widely used LPWANs today. Running over a
public network in the 868 MHz or 902 MHz bands, ultra-narrow band technology only allows
a single operator per country. Although it can deliver messages in rural areas at 30-50 km, in
urban settings at distances of 3-10 km, up to 1,000 km in line applications and up to 1,000 km
in line applications, its packet size is limited to 150 messages at 12 bytes per day. Downlink
packets are small and are limited to four bytes of 8 bytes per day. Sending data back to the
finish line may also interfere.
Random Stage Multiple Access, or RPMA, is an LPWAN owned by Ingenu Inc. It has a short
range (up to 50 km and 5-10 km without line), which provides better two-way
communication than Sigfox. However, as it operates in the 2.4 GHz spectrum, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, and physical configurations are likely to interfere. It generally consumes more
power than other LPWAN options.
08.Vehicle to Everything
Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is the communication between a vehicle and any entity that may or may not affect the vehicle. It is a vehicle communication system that includes other specialized communication types such as V2, V2N, V2V, V2P. , V2D The main motivations for the V2X are road safety, traffic efficiency, and energy savings. The US NHTSA estimates that activating a V2V system will reduce traffic accidents by at least 13%, resulting in 439,000 fewer crashes per year. There are two types of V2X communication technology based on the underlying technology used: (1) WLAN-based, and (2) cell-based.
History editing
The work history of vehicle-vehicle communication projects for safety enhancement, accident
mitigation and driver assistance can be traced back to the 1970s with projects such as the US
Electronic Route System and the CACS in Japan. Many milestones in the history of automotive
networks begin in the United States, Europe, and Japan.
WLAN-based V2X standardization replaces cellular-based V2X systems. IEEE first released
specifications for the WLAN-based V2X in 2010. It supports direct communication between
vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure. This technology is called Dedicated ShortRange Communication. Utilizes the underlying radio communication provided by DSRC
802.11p.
In 2016, Toyota became the first car manufacturer to introduce cars with V2X globally. These
vehicles use DSRC technology and are for sale only in Japan. In 2017, GM became the second
car manufacturer to introduce the V2X. GM sells a Cadillac model in the United States with the
DSRC V2X.
In 2016, 3GPP announced the LTE-based V2X specification as the core technology. It is
commonly referred to as the "Cellular V2X", a variant of the 802.11p based V2X technology. In
addition to direct communication, the C-V2X supports extensive area communication over a
cellular network.
As of December 2017, a European carmaker has announced that it will deploy V2X technology
based on 802.11p from 2019. During some studies and analysis in 2017 and 2018, the 5G
Automobile Association conducted and supported and developed the C-V2X technology - a
communication box modeled on 802.11p in multiple areas such as direct box performance,
communication range and reliability. Advanced, many of these claims have been disputed, and
NXP is one of the leading companies in V2X technology based on 802.11p in a white paper
published by NXP, but also published in co-reviewed journals.
Development of V2X technology
The V2X market is still in its infancy, but many manufacturers are beginning to incorporate technology, and more and more vehicles are connecting with other vehicles and infrastructure around them. Vehicles are also becoming smarter and are equipped with systems that require less human participation. As a result, thanks to adapted navigation controls and sensors, users benefit from reduced carbon emissions and safer green trips.
The V2X market is still in its infancy, but many manufacturers are beginning to incorporate technology, and more and more vehicles are connecting with other vehicles and infrastructure around them. Vehicles are also becoming smarter and are equipped with systems that require less human participation. As a result, thanks to adapted navigation controls and sensors, users benefit from reduced carbon emissions and safer green trips.
However, it will take time to reap the full benefits of V2X systems, because in order for a vehicle
to communicate with an organization, it must be equipped with V2X technology. Many
establishments, such as parking lots, road signs, and conventional vehicles, do not have V2X
systems, which means they cannot communicate with vehicles already using the system.
As the V2X market expands, vehicles will be able to communicate with other road users, such as
automobiles, automotive systems, and cyclists equipped with V2X systems
9. Software Defined Radio
Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication system that has traditionally been software-enabled on a personal computer instead of hardware-enabled components. Embedded system. The concept of SDR is not new, but the rapidly evolving capabilities of digital electronics put into practice many processes that could only theoretically be done once.
The basic SDR system of personal computers may consist of a sound card, ie an analog-to-digital
converter, one way before the RF front. Significant amounts of signal processing are passed on
to the general-purpose processor, rather than to special-purpose hardware. Such a design
produces a radio that can receive and transmit a wide variety of radio protocols based solely on
the software used.
Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication system that has traditionally been
software-enabled on a personal computer instead of hardware-enabled components. Embedded
system. The concept of SDR is not new, but the rapidly evolving capabilities of digital electronics
put into practice many processes that could only theoretically be done once.
The basic SDR system of personal computers may consist of a sound card, ie an analog-to-digital
converter, one way before the RF front. Significant amounts of signal processing are passed on to
the general-purpose processor, rather than to special-purpose hardware. Such a design produces
a radio that can receive and transmit a wide variety of radio protocols based solely on the
software used.
Software radios have significant utility for military and mobile services, both of which must serve
different radio protocols in real time. In the long run, proponents such as the Wireless Innovation
Forum hope to become the leading technology in software-defined radio-radio communications.
SDRs, software-defined antennas
A brief history of software-defined radio
Software-defined radio is radio software that defines carrier frequency, signal bandwidth, modulation, and network access. The modern SDR enables any required cryptographic, future
debugging, and even voice, video or data software source encoding, dating back to 1987. Air
Force Roman Laboratories integrated communication, navigation and detection as an
evolutionary step beyond architecture Funding was provided to develop a programmable
modem. Architecture ICNIA is a federated design of multiple radios, a combination of several
single-function radios used as a single instrument.
Radio defining the next generation of software
Red-black separation
Software-processing radio (SDRs) that process confidential information are usually made up of a
standard red-black partition, the red side of which is responsible for processing sensitive
information and cryptographic activities, while the black side processor is responsible for
communications packages and drivers. The red and black sides are hosted on separate hardware
components. In fact, the red side usually consists of a general-purpose processor and a separate
cryptographic processor.
At the exit, the secret information that originated on the red side is encrypted and sent to the
black side for transmission via some interface. Upon entering, the information obtained by the
black side drivers is sent over the interface to any other red side settings such as decoding and
security and authentication.
10. Increased momentum for open initiatives
The Open RF Compliance Action Group released its first Interoperability Standard in December
2021. This marks a decisive step towards an open RF front-end and 5G chipset ecosystem in
2022 and beyond. Establishing a development standard helps to optimize configurations and
specifications throughout the industry. In addition, it helps manufacturers reduce costs, speed up
market time, and use an improved supply chain across many mobile devices.
In addition, pressure from operators and governments for open RANs will drive the progress of
interaction and product testing. However, as members work toward long-term planning
achievements, commercial deployments will still be low in 2022.
11. Massive MIMO Antennas
Multi-user MIMO offers point-to-point advantages over traditional MIMO: it works with cheap single antenna terminals, does not require a rich scattering environment, and simplifies resource allocation as each active terminal uses all time-frequency receivers. . However, multi-user MIMO is not, as originally thought, a scalable technology with similar service antennas and terminal and frequency-division dual-functionality. Massive MIMO (also known as large-scale antenna systems, very large MIMO, high-end MIMO, full-size MIMO and ARGOS) creates a clean break with current usage through the use of a large number of active terminals and durations across the split-duplex operation. Additional antennas help to greatly improve output and radiant energy efficiency by directing energy to smaller areas of space. Other benefits of the massive MIMO include extensive use of low-cost power components, reduction of delays, simplification of the MAC layer, and robustness against intentional congestion. The expected output depends on the advertising environment that provides asymmetric channels to the terminals, but so far experiments have not revealed any limitations in this regard. While the massive MIMO does not apply to many traditional research issues, it does expose entirely new issues that need immediate attention: the challenge of creating many low-cost, precision components that work together effectively, acquisition and synchronization for newly connected terminals, and extra degree exploitation . The freedom provided by the redundancy of service antennas, the reduction of internal power consumption and the discovery of new deployments to reduce overall energy efficiency. This article presents an overview of the massive MIMO concept and contemporary research on the topic
Demand for this specialty has grown significantly as a result of recent corporate scandals. In five
or ten years, one would expect millions of advanced reality users in a large city to want to
continue to transmit and receive 3D private high-definition video, say 100 megabits per secondper direction. Massive MIMO - also known as Large-scale Antenna Systems - is a candidate
technology that promises to meet this demand. Fifty-fold or more spectrum efficiency
enhancements are often cited over fourth-generation (4G) technology. A physically small,
individually controlled antenna manifold performs aggressive multiplication / duplexing for all
active users, using directly measured channel characteristics. Unlike current point-to-point
MIMO, by stimulating time division duplexing (TDD), Massive MIMO services can be scaled to
any desired level relative to the number of antennas. Adding more antennas is beneficial for
increasing output, reducing radiation power, providing excellent service evenly throughout the
cell, and greater simplicity in signal processing. Massive MIMO is a state-of-the-art technology
that has not yet been reduced in practice. Even so, the principles of its operation are well
understood and surprisingly simple to explain
Massive multi-input multi-output wireless communication is the idea of equipping cellular bases
with a very large number of antennas, and has been shown to allow for orders of magnitude
enhancing spectral and energy efficiency using relative. Simple settings. In this article we present
a comprehensive overview of the latest research on a topic that has received considerable
attention recently. To illustrate the hypothetical advantages of the giant MIMO, we begin with a
theoretical analysis of information, which then addresses implementation issues related to
channel estimation, identification, and pre-coding schemes. We pay particular attention to the
potential impact of pilot pollution caused by the use of non-orthopedic pilot sequences by users
of adjacent cells. We also analyze the energy efficiency of massive MIMO systems, and
demonstrate how the levels of freedom provided by massive MIMO systems enable efficient
single-carrier transmission. Finally, the challenges and opportunities associated with the massive
MIMO implementation of future wireless communication systems are discussed.
12. LTE Communication
LTE is a standard used for high-speed wireless communication and describes the way to achieve
true 4G speeds. LTE today is part of the 4G LTE system, with LTE Advanced (LTE-A) and
LTE-A Pro. These technologies help to handle capacity demand and increase speed. They will
operate as a step towards 5G at speeds close to what can be done with fifth generation wireless
connectivity technology. When 5G starts to work, LTE technologies will fill the gaps that are not
yet covered. 4G will play a similar role.
Some of the more advanced LTE technologies work in conjunction with 5G. LTE-A, LTE-A
Pro, Gigabit LTE and possibly future LTE support for 5G. LTE-A is available today and can
deliver speeds higher than 4G. LTE-A Pro can reach speeds of up to 3 Gbps, but in real world
speeds can be slow. Telstra launched its first Gigabit LTE network in Australia in January 2017,
when the maximum upload speed was 150 Mbps. Other operators are now upgrading their
networks as well.
Another development in the LTE world is LTE-U, which shortens the long-term evolution of
the unlicensed spectrum. LTE-U is a wireless communication system designed to use unlicensed
components in the spectrum to reduce some of the burden on carrier networks. These
unlicensed shares are open to anyone within certain limits. However, the use of LTE-U is
somewhat controversial, as it has the potential to slow down Wi-Fi signals. Proponents of LTEU say they are working on solutions to prevent this problem from occurring
Meanwhile, T-Mobile already supports LTE-U in six US cities. However, AT&T has decided to
skip LTE-U and go directly to Licensed Support Access (LAA), the standardized version of
LTE-U. Verizon is a proponent of LTE-U. Both technologies help fill the gaps in the transition
to 5G.
Another competitor is LWA for LTE-WLAN aggregation. This technology configures the
network to support both LTE and WLAN simultaneously. Multifare operates on an unlicensed
spectrum and requires users to install Multifare Access
13. Warless Chartering
Wireless charging has been around since the late 19th century, when electricity pioneer Nikola
Tesla demonstrated magnetic resonant coupling – the ability to transmit electricity through the
air by creating a magnetic field between two circuits, a transmitter and a receiver.
But for about 100 years it was a technology without many practical applications, except, perhaps,
for a few electric toothbrush models.
Today, there are nearly a half dozen wireless charging technologies in use, all aimed at cutting
cables to everything from smartphones and laptops to kitchen appliances and cars.
[ Further reading: Is wireless charging bad for your smartphone? ]
Wireless charging is making inroads in the healthcare, automotive and manufacturing industries
because it offers the promise of increased mobility and advances that could allow tiny internet of
things (IoT) devices to get power many feet away from a charger.
The wireless charging circuit board used for Ossia's Cota RF technology, which can send power
over distances greater than 15 feet.
The most popular wireless technologies now in use rely on an electromagnetic field between a
two copper coils, which greatly limits the distance between a device and a charging pad. That's
the type of charging Apple has incorporated into the iPhone 8 and the iPhone X.
How wireless charging works
Broadly speaking, there are three types of wireless charging, according to David Green, a
research manager with IHS Markit. There are charging pads that use tightly-coupled
electromagnetic inductive or non-radiative charging; charging bowls or through-surface type
chargers that use loosely-coupled or radiative electromagnetic resonant charging that can transmit a charge a few centimeters; and uncoupled radio frequency (RF) wireless charging that
allows a trickle charging capability at distances of many feet.
Both tightly coupled inductive and loosely-coupled resonant charging operate on the same
principle of physics: a time-varying magnetic field induces a current in a closed loop of wire
It works like this: A magnetic loop antenna (copper coil) is used to create an oscillating magnetic
field, which can create a current in one or more receiver antennas. If the appropriate capacitance
is added so that the loops resonate at the same frequency, the amount of induced current in the
receivers increases. This is resonant inductive charging or magnetic resonance; it enables power
transmission at greater distances between transmitter and receiver and increases efficiency. Coil
size also affects the distance of power transfer. The bigger the coil, or the more coils there are,
the greater the distance a charge can travel.
In the case of smartphone wireless charging pads, for example, the copper coils are only a few
inches in diameter, severely limiting the distance over which power can travel efficiently.
But when the coils are larger, more energy can be transferred wirelessly. That's the tactic
WiTricity, a company formed from research at MIT a decade ago, has helped pioneer. It licenses
loosely-coupled resonant technology for everything from automobiles and wind turbines to
robotics.
14. Long Range Warless Power
Long distances are usually transmitted over 100 meters or kilometers. One of the technologies of
power transmission is the use of antennas to transmit electromagnetic rays such as microwaves
or lasers. The limitation of using a long-range inductive coupling power transmission is that the
magnetic field rapidly degrades as the distance between the transmitter and receiver increases.
Therefore, electromagnetic beams are more suitable for this reason.
Long-distance power transmission with antennas can be classified as Near-Field or Far-Field. In
an area close to the field, very small or no beam deflection can be observed. In contrast, there is
a significant beam deflection in the far field, and the inverse type decay for force density with
distance is something that is not observed in the near field
Instances used for long-distance transmission include beam power from space to Earth,
unmanned aerial vehicles (without having to return to base for UAV charging) and transmission
of power over difficult terrain instead of using wire, which is a problem for us.
15. Wireless Sensor
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are spatially distributed and dedicated sensor networks that monitor the physical conditions of the environment and report and collect the collected data to a central location. WSNs can measure environmental conditions such as temperature, noise, pollution levels, humidity and wind.
These are similar to wireless temporary networks in that they rely on wireless connectivity and
spontaneous network construction so that sensor data can be transmitted wirelessly. WSNs
monitor physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, noise and pressure. Modern
networks are bi-directional, enabling data collection and sensor activity control. The
development of these networks has been driven by military applications such as battlefield
surveillance. Such networks are used in industrial and consumer applications such as industrial
process monitoring and control and machine health monitoring.
A WSN is made up of several "hundreds" or thousands of "nodes", each of which is connected
to a different sensor. Each such node usually has several components: a radio transducer
connected to an internal antenna or an external antenna, or a power source sensor node for a
power source that can vary in size from a shoebox to a dustbin, but the microscopic dimensions
are not yet understood. Sensor node costs also vary from a few dollars to hundreds of dollars
depending on the node complexity. Size and cost limits limit resources such as power, memory,
computer speed, and communication bandwidth. The topography of the WSN can vary from a
simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless network. Advertising can be applied
online or flooded.
An active research area that supports workshops and conferences on computer science and
telecommunications, including wireless sensor networks, international workshops on embedded
network sensors (MNSN, Sensitive, Mobicom and EWN). Deployed about
16. Millimeter Waves
The millimeter wave (MM wave), also known as the millimeter band, is the bandwidth bandwidth between 10 millimeters (30 GHz) and 1 millimeter (300 GHz). It is also known by the International Telecommunication Union as the Extreme Frequency Band.
Disadvantages of the millimeter wave The millimeter wave is absorbed by the gases and moisture
in the atmosphere, thereby reducing the range and strength of the waves. Rain and humidity
reduce their signal strength and propagation distance, which is called rain fading. At low
frequencies the propagation distance is up to a kilometer and at high frequencies it travels only a
few meters
A millimeter wave travels along the line of sight and is blocked by physical objects such as trees,
walls and buildings. Its proximity is also influenced by its proximity to humans and animals,
primarily due to their water content.
Use of millimeter waves The millimeter wave has many uses, including telecommunications,
short-distance radar, and airport security scanners. In telecommunications, it is used for high
bandwidth WLAN and short distance private area networks (PAN). Its high bandwidth
capability makes it ideal for applications such as short-distance wireless transmission of high definition video and communication from small, low-power IoT devices. Millimeter waves are
best suited for communication between limited propagation distances - small cell size - and high
data rates automatic vehicles
…..End.....
Credit by- Miuru Lakshan 20s15010
Sachini Kaushalya 20s15014
Saegis campus Bit Batch 02
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